# Contributing to RPM

RPM has a history that goes back over two decades and is used by many
different distributions - some providing support for a decade or
more. There are hundreds of thousands RPM packages in use out
there. This makes changes to RPM difficult and they often require thorough
consideration on the implications and on compatibility.

So while we invite contributions from all sides - especially from the
multitude of RPM based distributions - RPM by its very nature is not an
easy project to get into.

**When planning on any non-trivial amount of work on RPM, please check with us
first to avoid situations where efforts goes wasted because it's
not in line with RPM design and goals.**

## Submitting Patches

Patches should be submitted via GitHub pull requests (PRs) or via `git
send-email` to the rpm-maint@lists.rpm.org mailing list. Use your real
name as the commit author (git `user.name` config option) in a format
suitable for the CREDITS file.
Patches from pseudonyms or anonymous submitters will not be accepted.

Each PR should be a single atomic change, meaning that it should be merged
or rejected as a unit. It is okay for a PR to contain multiple commits if
later commits are dependent on earlier ones.  If earlier commits do not
depend on later ones, they (should/should not) be submitted separately.

Pull requests should clearly state if the code is "ready for
inclusion" or if further work is needed. Proof of concept or request
for comment pull requests are fine but need to be labeled as such.

Information about the change should go into the commit message. This
includes not only what is changed, but also why. The commit message needs to
be self-contained. While references to GitHub tickets or external bug
trackers are welcome the important information needs to be in
the commit message itself.

The rationale behind the change is often *more* important than the
accompanying code! When changing existing code, it's equally important
to understand why the code is the way it is now. Always check for
history when suggesting change of behavior.

When using GitHub pull requests enable "Allow edits from maintainers"
to allow changes to your branch. Often changes are needed and allowing
them in the branch in your repository keeps the discussion and changes
within one place.

Avoid updating the branch of the pull request if not necessary. On
every change notifications are sent out to all maintainers and
everyone contributing to the pull request. Keep your changes local or
in another branch and only push to the branch of the pull request when
you are ready for further feedback.

This is a project with limited resources, please do not flood us.
Please ensure "make ci" passes locally before submitting a PR.
A pull request with failing CI tests will generally not be looked at,
so keep on eye on the checks until you get all green.

## Coding Style

### Indentation

RPM uses 8-space tabs.  Indentation is 4 spaces, with each group of 8 or more
leading spaces replaced by a tab. If in doubt, 'indent -kr' generally
produces acceptable formatting.

In Vim, this can be achieved with

```vim
set shiftwidth=4 tabstop=8 softtabstop=4
```

In Emacs use
```
(setq-default c-basic-offset 4
              indent-tabs-mode t)

```

### Comments

Comments should be used sparingly and for subtle and
non-obvious things only.  One-liners are prefered for in-line comments,
unless there is something really special or complicated. Longer
comments can go into the doc strings of functions, but background
information should generally go into the commit message instead.

Always prefer self-explanatory code over comments! Many times well-named
helper variables can make even complicated code read almost like plain
English.

Comments are always in `/* ... */`, never `//`. The two comment styles
in rpm codebase are:

`/* Short and sweet */`

```
/*
 * Multi-line comments should be formatted
 * like this.
 */
```

### Error handling

Avoid multiple exit points from functions, these are an invitation to
resource leaks, cause code duplication and require touching unrelated
code when adding new features.

As a ballpark rule: If you need to free resource in more than one place,
think again, and if you need to free it in more than two places you're
doing it wrong.

For local variables, always initialize pointers on entry and free them
on central exit point, using `goto exit` or `goto err` style jumps to get
there from errors. Assuming failure and only setting to success just
before the exit label often works well and is widely used in the codebase.

RPM uses custom allocator functions in place of standard library malloc()
and friends. These never return NULL (they abort the process on failure),
so do not check for it. Also all "destructor" type functions in rpm accept
NULL arguments, don't check for it separately.

### Miscellaneous

While many details differ and lot of it does not apply at all, the
[Linux kernel coding style document](https://www.kernel.org/doc/html/latest/process/coding-style.html)
contains lots of excellent guidance on good C programming practices if you
filter out what is kernel specific.

## API/ABI considerations

Most of RPM functionality resides in public libraries, whose API and ABI
need to be considered on in all changes. There are multiple levels of
visibility in RPM:

1. Public API, which is described by our public C headers. If a symbol
   is not in a public header, it's not considered public regardless of
   its visibility.
2. Internal cross-library API, which is described by various non-public C
   headers but whose symbols are visible in our public ABI.
3. Internal per-library APIs, which are described by various non-public
   C headers and whose symbols are hidden from the ABI on platforms
   where supported (marked by `RPM_GNUC_INTERNAL`)
4. Statically scoped symbols in sources.

Internals are generally free to change, but public API must be carefully
preserved. Adding new public APIs is generally not a problem, removing
and changing existing ones can only be done in major version bumps and
even there should be done conservatively. People are annoyed when their
code stops compiling. ABI compatibility in RPM is tracked with
[libtool versioning](https://www.gnu.org/software/libtool/manual/html_node/Libtool-versioning.html)

Newly added symbols in the public ABI must prefixed with `rpm` except to
maintain consistency where another pre-existing prefix (eg `header`) is
used for historical reasons.

All public APIs must be documented using Doxygen annotation.

## Portability

RPM aims to be portable within POSIX compliant systems, the exact version
requirements are documented in INSTALL. However, the primary platform
of RPM is Linux, and that is the only platform supported by the RPM main
development team. Patches to support other OS'es within the POSIX version
requirements are generally accepted though.

## Translations

Translations should be submitted through [Fedora Weblate](https://translate.fedoraproject.org/projects/rpm/),
the upstream project cannot review translations.
